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Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (March 13, 1911 – January 24, 1986), better known as L. Ron Hubbard (, ) and often referred to by his initials, LRH, was an American author and the founder of the Church of Scientology. In 2014, Hubbard was cited by the Smithsonian magazine as one of the ten most influential religious figures and one of the 100 Most Significant Americans of all time. After establishing a career as a writer, becoming best known for his science fiction and fantasy stories, he developed a system called Dianetics which was first expounded in book form in May 1950. He subsequently developed his ideas into a wide-ranging set of doctrines and rituals as part of a new religious movement that he called Scientology. His writings became the guiding texts for the Church of Scientology and a number of affiliated organizations that address such diverse topics as business administration, literacy and drug rehabilitation. Although many aspects of Hubbard's life story are disputed, there is general agreement about its basic outline.〔Bromley, p. 89〕 Born in Tilden, Nebraska, he spent much of his childhood in Helena, Montana. He traveled in Asia and the South Pacific in the late 1920s after his father, an officer in the United States Navy, was posted to the U.S. naval base on Guam. He attended George Washington University in Washington, D.C. at the start of the 1930s, before dropping out and beginning his career as a prolific writer of pulp fiction stories. He served briefly in the United States Marine Corps Reserve and was an officer in the United States Navy during World War II, briefly commanding two ships, the USS ''YP-422'' and USS ''PC-815''. He was removed both times when his superiors found him incapable of command. The last few months of his active service were spent in a hospital, being treated for a duodenal ulcer.〔http://web.archive.org/web/20080612145705/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-scientology062490,0,2050131,full.story〕 After the war, Hubbard developed Dianetics, which he called "the modern science of mental health". He founded Scientology in 1952 and oversaw the growth of the Church of Scientology into a worldwide organization. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, he spent much of his time at sea on his personal fleet of ships as "Commodore" of the Sea Organization, an elite inner group of Scientologists. His expedition came to an end when Britain, Greece, Spain, Portugal, and Venezuela all closed their ports to his fleet. At one point, a court in Australia revoked the church's status as a religion. Similarly, a high court in France convicted Hubbard of fraud ''in absentia''. He returned to the United States in 1975 and went into seclusion in the California desert. In 1983 L. Ron Hubbard was named as an unindicted co-conspirator in an international information infiltration and theft project called "Operation Snow White". He spent the remaining years of his life on his ranch near Creston, California, where he died in 1986. The Church of Scientology describes Hubbard in hagiographic terms,〔Christensen, p. 228〕 and he portrayed himself as a pioneering explorer, world traveler, and nuclear physicist with expertise in a wide range of disciplines, including photography, art, poetry, and philosophy. His critics, including his own son, have characterized him as a liar, a charlatan, and mentally unstable. Though many of his autobiographical statements have been proven to be fictitious,〔Urban, Hugh B. "Fair Game: Secrecy, Security, and the Church of Scientology in Cold War America." ''Journal of the American Academy of Religion'' 74:2 (2006)〕 the Church rejects any suggestion that its account of Hubbard's life is not historical fact.〔Rothstein, p. 21.〕〔 ==Early life== (詳細はKalispell, Montana, they settled in Helena in 1913.〔 Hubbard's father rejoined in the Navy in April 1917, during World War I, while his mother May worked as a clerk for the state government.〔Miller, p. 19〕 Biographical accounts published by the Church of Scientology describe Hubbard as "a child prodigy of sorts" who rode a horse before he could walk and was able to read and write by the age of four.〔Tucker, p. 300〕 A Scientology profile says that he was brought up on his grandfather's "large cattle ranch in Montana"〔"About The Author," in Hubbard, L. Ron: ''Have You Lived Before This Life?: A Scientific Survey: A Study of Death and Evidence of Past Lives'', p. 297. Los Angeles: Church of Scientology Publications Organization, 1977. ISBN 978-0-88484-055-8〕 where he spent his days "riding, breaking broncos, hunting coyote and taking his first steps as an explorer".〔 His grandfather is described as a "wealthy Western cattleman" from whom Hubbard "inherited his fortune and family interests in America, Southern Africa, etc."〔Quoted in Rolph, p. 17〕 Scientology claims that Hubbard became a "blood brother" of the Native American Blackfeet tribe at the age of six through his friendship with a Blackfeet medicine man.〔〔"L. Ron Hubbard and American Pulp Fiction," in Hubbard, L. Ron: "The Great Secret," p. 107–108. Hollywood, CA: Galaxy Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-59212-371-1〕 However, contemporary records show that his grandfather, Lafayette Waterbury, was a veterinarian, not a rancher, and was not wealthy. Hubbard was actually raised in a townhouse in the center of Helena.〔Atack, p. 48〕 According to his aunt, his family did not own a ranch but did own one cow and four or five horses on a few acres of land outside the city.〔Sappell, Joel; Welkos, Robert (June 24, 1990). "(The Making of L. Ron Hubbard: Creating the Mystique )." ''Los Angeles Times'', p. A38:1〕 Hubbard lived over a hundred miles from the Blackfeet reservation. The tribe did not practice blood brotherhood and no evidence has been found that he had ever been a Blackfeet blood brother.〔Sappell, Joel; Welkos, Robert (June 24, 1990). "The Making of L. Ron Hubbard: Staking a Claim to Blood Brotherhood." ''Los Angeles Times'', p. A38:5〕 During the 1920s the Hubbards repeatedly relocated around the United States and overseas. After Hubbard's father Harry rejoined the Navy, his posting aboard the USS ''Oklahoma'' in 1921 required the family to relocate to the ship's home ports, first San Diego, then Seattle.〔Miller, p. 23〕 During a journey to Washington, D.C. in 1923 Hubbard learned of Freudian psychology from Commander Joseph "Snake" Thompson, a U.S. Navy psychoanalyst and medic.〔〔Whitehead, p. 46〕 Scientology biographies describe this encounter as giving Hubbard training in a particular scientific approach to the mind, which he found unsatisfying.〔Christensen, p. 238〕 Hubbard was active in the Boy Scouts in Washington, D.C. and earned the rank of Eagle Scout in 1924, two weeks after his 13th birthday. In his diary, Hubbard claimed he was the youngest Eagle Scout in the U.S.〔Miller, p. 25〕 The following year, Harry Ross Hubbard was posted to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard at Bremerton, Washington.〔Miller, p. 27〕 His son was enrolled at Union High School, Bremerton,〔 and later studied at Queen Anne High School in Seattle.〔Miller, p. 28〕 In 1927 Hubbard's father was sent to the U.S. Naval Station on Guam in the Mariana Islands of the South Pacific. Although Hubbard's mother also went to Guam, Hubbard himself did not accompany them but was placed in his grandparents' care in Helena, Montana to complete his schooling.〔 Between 1927 and 1929 Hubbard traveled to Japan, China, the Philippines and Guam. Scientology texts present this period in his life as a time when he was intensely curious for answers to human suffering and explored ancient Eastern philosophies for answers, but found them lacking.〔Christensen, pp. 239–240〕 He is described as traveling to China "at a time when few Westerners could enter"〔"About the Author," in Hubbard, L. Ron: ''Battlefield Earth''. (No page number given.) Los Angeles: Galaxy Press, 2005. ISBN 978-1-59212-007-9〕 and according to Scientology, spent his time questioning Buddhist lamas and meeting old Chinese magicians.〔 According to church materials, his travels were funded by his "wealthy grandfather".〔"Appendix" in Hubbard, L. Ron: ''Hymn of Asia''. (No page number given.) Los Angeles : Church of Scientology of California, Publications Organization, 1974. ISBN 0-88404-035-6〕 Hubbard's unofficial biographers present a very different account of his travels in Asia. Hubbard's diaries recorded two trips to the east coast of China. The first was made in the company of his mother while traveling from the United States to Guam in 1927. It consisted of a brief stop-over in a couple of Chinese ports before traveling on to Guam, where he stayed for six weeks before returning home. He recorded his impressions of the places he visited and disdained the poverty of the inhabitants of Japan and China, whom he described as "gooks" and "lazy () ignorant". His second visit was a family holiday which took Hubbard and his parents to China via the Philippines in 1928.〔Atack, p. 54〕〔Miller, p. 31〕 After his return to the United States in September 1927, Hubbard enrolled at Helena High School but earned only poor grades.〔Miller, p. 34〕 He abandoned school the following May and went back west to stay with his aunt and uncle in Seattle. He joined his parents in Guam in June 1928. His mother took over his education in the hope of putting him forward for the entrance examination to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. Between October and December 1928 a number of naval families, including Hubbard's, traveled from Guam to China aboard the cargo ship . The ship stopped at Manila in the Philippines before traveling on to Qingdao (Tsingtao) in China. Hubbard and his parents made a side trip to Beijing before sailing on to Shanghai and Hong Kong, from where they returned to Guam.〔Miller, p. 41〕 Scientology account say that Hubbard "made his way deep into Manchuria's Western Hills and beyond — to break bread with Mongolian bandits, share campfires with Siberian shamans and befriend the last in the line of magicians from the court of Kublai Khan".〔"(L. Ron Hubbard Biographical Profile: Asia and the South Pacific )." Church of Scientology International, 2010, retrieved February 17, 2011.〕 However, Hubbard did not record these events in his diary.〔Atack, p. 57〕 He remained unimpressed with China and the Chinese, writing: "A Chinaman can not live up to a thing, he always drags it down." He characterized the sights of Beijing as "rubberneck stations" for tourists and described the palaces of the Forbidden City as "very trashy-looking" and "not worth mentioning". He was impressed by the Great Wall of China near Beijing,〔Miller, p. 42〕 but concluded of the Chinese: "They smell of all the baths they didn't take. The trouble with China is, there are too many chinks here."〔Miller, p. 43〕 Back on Guam, Hubbard spent much of his time writing dozens of short stories and essays〔Miller, p. 44〕 and failed the Naval Academy entrance examination. In September 1929 Hubbard was enrolled at the Swavely Preparatory School in Manassas, Virginia, to prepare him for a second attempt at the examination.〔Miller, p. 45〕 However, he was ruled out of consideration due to his near-sightedness.〔Miller, p. 46〕 He was instead sent to Woodward School for Boys in Washington, D.C. to qualify for admission to George Washington University. He successfully graduated from the school in June 1930 and entered the university the following September.〔Miller, p. 47〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「L. Ron Hubbard」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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